changed to counter network congestion. Some RTCP messages
changed to counter network congestion. Some RTCP messages relate to control of a video conference with multiple participants. Session Description Protocol (SDP) SDP is a media description format intended for describing multimedia sessions, including video-conferencing. It includes session announcement and session invitation. Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) The Real-Time Streaming Protocol is an application-level protocol for the control of real-time multimedia data. RTSP provides an extensible framework rather than a protocol. It allows interactive, VCR-like control of the playback: Play, Pause, and so on. A streaming server also can react to network congestion, changing the media bandwidth to suit the available capacity. RTSP was developed intentionally to be similar in syntax and operation to HTTP version 1.1. It does differ in several important aspects, however. With RTSP both client and server can issue requests during interaction with HTTP the client always issues the requests (for documents). RTSP has to retain the state of a session, whereas HTTP is stateless. RTSP supports the use of RTP as the underlying data delivery protocol. The protocol is intended to give a means of choosing the optimum delivery channel to a client. Some corporate firewalls will not pass UDP. The streaming server has to offer a choice of delivery protocols UDP, multicast UDP, and TCP to suit different clients. RTSP is not the only streaming control protocol. Real s precursor, Progressive Networks, used a proprietary protocol before RTSP was developed. MMS The Microsoft Media Server (MMS) is Microsoft s proprietary control protocol. MMS handles client interaction the controls like Play or Stop. MMS uses TCP as the delivery layer. The media data can be transmitted separately over UDP or TCP. SMPTE time code RTSP uses Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) time code as a time reference for video frames. Note that RTP uses a different time reference, the Network Time Protocol (NTP), which is based on universal time (UTC). RTP uses the middle 32 bits of the NTP 64-bit fixed-point number to represent the time. The high 16 bits of the 32-bit NTP fraction are used to represent subsecond timing this gives a resolution of about 15 ms, or about one quarter of a television line. 20 The Technology of Video and Audio Streaming
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