and it is not unknown for an address
and it is not unknown for an address not to be unique. Hopefully the upgrades to IP version 6 will help to solve that problem by making far more addresses available. IGMP Most of the complexity of a multicast lies with the routing, not with the server and the client. Instead of the server sending individual packets to each client, a single packet is transmitted to a multicast group. This group is allocated a single IP address. The primary mechanism for controlling the delivery of the datagram to multiple destinations is the Internet Group-Membership Protocol (IGMP). It is a session-layer protocol used by the client to join and leave a multicast. A multicast- enabled router uses this session information to set up the route from the server to the client. The router will forward multicast datagrams only if regular IGMP messages are received from downstream clients (typically at intervals of about 60 seconds). Several routing options have been developed for multicast routing: Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) Core-based tree (CBT) Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) There are two ways of multicast routing: dense mode and sparse mode. Sparse and dense routing Dense mode floods the network then prunes back the unused branches. This assumes that the viewers of the multicast are densely distributed through the network, which could be the case for corporate communications over an intranet. It requires a generous bandwidth. DVMRP, MOSPF, and PIM dense mode are all such protocols. The reach of dense routing trees is limited by the time-to-live parameter (TTL). The value of TTL is decreased by one each time a datagram passes through a router; once it reaches zero, the router will discard the packets. This can be used to restrict the range of the multicast that potentially could propagate through the entire Internet. TTL is measured in seconds and usually is set to a default value of 64. The other type of multicast routing is sparse mode, which is used for applications where the clients are dispersed, possibly geographically, over a wide 24 The Technology of Video and Audio Streaming
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