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area of the network. In such a case the dense-mode flooding would cause unnecessary congestion on the network. The core-based tree (CBT) uses a core router to construct a distribution tree. Edge routers send requests to join the tree, and then a branch is set up. Network traffic will concentrate around the core, which can cause problems with congestion. MBone The multicast-enabled backbone project (MBone) was set up in 1992 to enable the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) meetings to set up audioconferencing to communicate with remote delegates. In 1994, the MBone was used to multicast a Rolling Stones concert to the public. The term is used more now to refer to the general multicast-enabled backbone. This piggybacks onto the general unicast Internet backbone. The multicast datagrams are encapsulated as unicast packets and tunnel through unicast networks. Telecommunications Telecommunications networks originally were set up for telephony, but more than half the traffic is now data. The packet-switched networks used for data and telephony traffic also can be used to carry the Internet. The circuits are constructed in a hierarchy of bit rates designed to carry multiple voice circuits, with the basic unit being 64 kbit/s. Data is carried in a compatible form. T-1 and E-1 If you ever have tried encoding multimedia content, you will have seen T-1 on the menu. T-1 is the basic digital carrier used in North America. It transmits data IP networks and telecommunications 25 Table 2.4 Time-to-Live Initial Values Scope TTL Local area 16 National high-bandwidth sites 32 National sites 48 Continental sites 64 Intercontinental high-bandwidth sites 128 Worldwide coverage 192

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