or E-1 circuit can provide a starting point,
or E-1 circuit can provide a starting point, or T-3/E-3 where a higher capacity is required. Once a corporation moves to the use of streaming on a large scale, T-1/E-1 is unlikely to serve more than a handful of users. If you want to webcast, then outgoing capacity could be an issue. Serious consideration should be given to capacity planning. Will staff be allowed to watch streams from the public Internet, or will access be limited to the corporate intranet? Is streaming to be unicast or will multicast also be used? Options for small businesses Many small businesses have leased ISDN lines for telephony and data. These also can be used for connection to the Internet, but the capacity is limited for multimedia streaming to a single client. Alternatives include xDSL and T-1/E-1. Consumer connections Cost is the primary concern here, and usually takes precedence over the quality of service. Whereas business lines usually offer a guaranteed service, residential users are often provided with variable-rate access. At periods of high demand, network congestion increases and the service throttles back. Streaming media codecs incorporate design features to cope with these variable bandwidth conditions. ISDN The Integrated Subscriber Digital Network (ISDN) is a service offered by telcos that enables voice, data, and multimedia to be carried over a single line to the central office or exchange. ISDN often is introduced to a business just for voice and fax services. It has also been generally adopted for the delivery of large data files in the desktop publishing environment. Video-conferencing systems can use ISDN for H320 or H323 connections. When streaming media first rolled out, ISDN seemed a natural vehicle to deliver content. The basic service (basic rate interface or BRI) carries two bidirectional 64 kbit/s channels over two twisted pairs. The primary rate has a higher capacity of 23 or 30 channels. A separate data channel carries control information. The data rate of the BRI is more than sufficient for streaming audio, but for video is considered barely adequate. Note that the BRI includes two channels, which if used together can give a download of 128 kbit/s. This often is seen on streaming encoder configurations as dual ISDN. ISDN offers a guaranteed data rate, unlike a dial-up modem, where a 56 kbit/s throughput is the maximum achievable, and lower rates are normal, especially over long or noisy lines. IP networks and telecommunications 31
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