6 8 MHz. This data is not for just
6 8 MHz. This data is not for just one consumer but is shared between users on a node, much like an Ethernet network. The digital cable networks use Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). The upstream (consumer to head-end) channel uses the free spectrum under the video channels (5 24 MHz), with a bandwidth about 2 MHz and a data rate of 3 Mbit/s. QPSK or QAM modulation is used. Again, it is a shared channel. The telcos often make a point of saying that there is only one user on an ADSL line, so there are no issues of network contention. They cite this as an issue with cable systems. But the phone company most likely will hook up the ADSL termination equipment with an Ethernet, which also has a finite capacity. So treat these claims with care. How many cable modems are sharing a node, and how many ADSL modems share the Ethernet bandwidth? Satellite ADSL is fine if you live near the telco central office, cable modems are great if your neighborhood has cable television. If you live in rural areas, you will have to look elsewhere for broadband provision. The alternative to a copper or fiber connection is a microwave connection. This could be from a satellite or MMDS. Very small aperture satellite antennae (VSAT) offer one-way and two-way links to the Internet. In North America the DirecTV satellites offer a data service called DirecWay. A similar service is offered in Europe by the Astra satellites. Mobile The alternative to the constraints of copper or fiber is to use wireless communication, through cellular networks covering large territories or local area networks often called Wi Fi. Third-generation wireless networks The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has developed a set of standards for a third generation of wireless networks that can provide IP connectivity to mobile devices. The second-generation digital cell phones (analog being the first generation) were limited to about 14 kbit/s data rate, clearly inadequate for video streaming. The new third-generation wireless networks (3G) offer the potential of data rates from around 300 kbit/s for somebody walking or in a moving vehicle, up to 2.4 Mbit/s for a stationary terminal. The phone operators are offering a wide range of video services, from streaming entertainment and sport, to video conferencing and videophone applications. The connection is always-on, so can be used like a conventional copper/fiber network connection. 36 The Technology of Video and Audio Streaming
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