Yet if we watch the same file when
Yet if we watch the same file when downloaded to a local disk, the quality is remarkably good. The problem lies with a number of bottlenecks between the origin of the content and the player. These may be between the origin and the first Internet point-of-presence, across the backbone, or the last mile to the viewer (the local loop). As broadband access extends to the home, the problems with the local loop should be solved, but there are still issues with network congestion and the costs of edge serving. Traffic will only increase; there are other demands beyond streaming and rich media voice-over IP and video-conferencing are two expanding markets. Multicasting can help ease the demands on the servers and the network for live or scheduled (simulated live) webcasts. Interactive applications, like distance learning, still provide many challenges, not the least stemming from their demands for low round-trip delays. For the mobile user or remote communities, fixed wireless and satellite offer alternatives to copper and fiber. Wireless is now widely used with mobile devices, the laptop, and the cell phone. Only time will tell if the spectrum can cope with demand. IP networks and telecommunications 39
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