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Compression codecs Compression codecs fall into three families: International standards Proprietary formats Open standards International standards often use patented technology. A licensing authority controls the collection of the appropriate fees on behalf of the patent holders. Proprietary codecs collect revenues through a variety of methods. Open standards are usually under the umbrella of the open source community, and free for all to use. Evolution of international standards The video codecs we use today come from two backgrounds: the first is the telecommunications industry and the second is multimedia. These are some of the most used codecs. H.261 videoconferencing This was the original video codec, and was the starting point for the MPEG-1 standard. H.261 was formulated under the auspices of the ITU for videophones and videoconferencing over ISDN lines. The videophone is now becoming a viable product, but videoconferencing has long been a key communication medium for business. One of the demands of both applications was real-time operation, so the codecs had to have a short processing delay. The standard defines screen sizes of the Common Intermediate Format (CIF), 352 288, and Quarter CIF (QCIF) of 176 144 pixels. It uses progressive scan and 4:2:0 sampling. Data rates from 64 kbit/s up to 2 Mbit/s are supported by the standard. The compression is DCT-based with variable-length coding. As an option, intermediate predicted (P) frames could be used with integer-pixel motion-compensated prediction. MPEG-1 This was the first successful standard developed by the multimedia community for audio-visual coding. The standard has long been used for video presentations on CD-ROMs. The normal resolution is source or Standard Input Format (SIF). Unlike the common interface format of H.261, the spatial resolution differs Video compression 87

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