for PAL and NTSC systems (352 288
for PAL and NTSC systems (352 288 at 25 fps for PAL, and 352 240 at 30 fps for NTSC). It uses progressive scanning. The video compression, like H.261, uses the discrete cosine transform with variable-length coding. The motion prediction was improved over H.261 with subpixel motion vectors and the introduction of bidirectional predicted (B) frames. It was designed for storage-based applications like the CD-ROM, at data rates up to 1.5 Mbit/s, and does not support streaming. H.263 H.263 is a development of H.261 aimed at low bit rate applications. It dates from 1992. H.261 did not have a data rate low enough for operation at 28 kbit/s, so could not be used for videophone applications on analog phone circuits. For lower data rates a thumbnail size picture can be coded; the H.263 standard supports SQCIF, QCIF, CIF, 4CIF and 16CIF resolutions. H.263 is now the baseline standard for MPEG-4 natural video coding. MPEG-2 A higher resolution, high-quality system for broadcast television, MPEG-2 is intended to replace analog composite systems (NTSC, PAL) for digital transmission systems. It is also used for DVD encoding. Its primary applications use channel bandwidths greater than 4 Mbit/s. The main profile at main level (MP@ML) is a standard definition television frame rate and resolution with data rates up to 15 Mbit/s. The standard was extended to support high-definition television bit rates (up to 80 Mbit/s) and an I-frame-only studio profile (50 Mbit/s). MPEG-3 was to be a separate high-definition standard but was dropped in favor of extensions to MPEG-2 and MPEG-4. MPEG-4 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 were developed for specific applications. MPEG-1 is for multimedia CD-ROM presentations and MPEG-2 is for broadcast television. The spawning of so many potential multimedia applications, from hand-held wireless devices to high-definition home theaters, led to demands for a much more flexible coding platform. The support of the very low bit rates used for some streaming is one example of the new demands. AVC (Advanced Video Codec, H.264) H.263 is over ten years old, and, in many applications, no longer delivers the performance expected of a video codec. The MPEG and ITU realized that to 88 The Technology of Video and Audio Streaming
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