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control Play, Fast Forward, Rewind, and Stop and gives status feedback plus a readout of the tape time code. Frame-accurate control allows the exact in and out points of the clip to be set in a record list. This avoids the need to trim the clip later in the encoding process. Lowering the bit rate A standard resolution television frame is 720 483 pixels (720 575 for 625/50), RGB sampled at 13.5 MHz, and has an 8-bit resolution per sample. At a rate of 30 frames per second this is a total data rate of 248 Mbit/s, and that is without any synchronization or control data. To stream video to a 56 kbit/s modem the bit rate has to be reduced by a factor of over 4,000. How is this achieved while still producing a recognizable picture? There are two methods used to achieve this. The first is to scale down the video data. This can achieve a reduction of over 130:1, clearly a long way off the target ratio of 4000:1. To reach this target a further reduction of 30:1 is required. This is achieved using sophisticated compression algorithms to remove redundant data, while retaining a viewable picture. Scaling The simplest way to lower data rate is to scale down the original video size. Three techniques are used to scale down the signal; the first and most apparent is to use a smaller video frame size than a television picture. Since video is often shown as a window in a web page, it is perfectly acceptable to reduce the picture to one-quarter size (320 240 pixels) or even smaller. This is called spatial scaling. It produces an instant reduction of data rate to one that is more easily processed by desktop workstations. The second scaling is temporal. Broadcast television uses 25 (PAL, SECAM) or 30 (NTSC) frames per second to give good portrayal of motion. Film uses 24 frames per second. Video material that originally was shot on film is converted to one of the two television rates during the telecine process. The third method of scaling down is to decrease the color resolution. Dedicated hardware processors in the video card can be used for the scaling, or it can be a straight software process using the main CPU. For live encoding it is best to use the video card and relieve the main processor load. Spatial scaling A smaller window can be used to display video; typical window sizes have resolutions of 320 240 or 176 144 pixels. This radically reduces the number of Video encoding 163

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