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Interframe compression The next method to compress video is to remove information that does not change from one frame to the next, and to transmit information only in the areas where the picture has changed. This is referred to as temporal or interframe compression. This technique is one of those used by the MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4 standards. Compression classes The different algorithms are classified into families: 1. Lossless 2. Lossy Naturally lossy Unnaturally lossy If all the original information is preserved the codec is called lossless. A typical example for basic file compression is PKZIP. To achieve the high levels of compression demanded by streaming codecs, the luxury of the lossless codecs is not possible the data reduction is insufficient. The goal with compression is to avoid artifacts that are perceived as unnatural. The fine detail in an image can be degraded gently without losing understanding of the objects in a scene. As an example we can watch a 70-mm print of a movie or a VHS transfer, and in both cases still enjoy the experience, even though the latter is a pale representation of the former. If too much compression is applied, and the artifacts interfere with perception of image, then the compression has become unnaturally lossy. Packetization This usually is implemented within the compression codec. There are two facets to the packetization. One, the compressed video file has to be formatted into IP packets to allow transmission over a standard IP circuit. The second is to wrap control data around the compressed video and audio data, so that the streaming server can control the real-time streaming of the media data. Streaming wrapper The packetization of the media is followed by a packet builder. This generates a Real-Time Protocol (RTP) hint track (metadata) that instructs the server how to stream the file. This is covered in more detail in Chapter 11. Note that there are proprietary streaming formats that do not use RTP. 168 The Technology of Video and Audio Streaming

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