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Multicasting If you are webcasting live to a large audience, a regular unicast establishes a separate network connection to each client. This uses considerable network resources, even though each client is watching exactly the same material. Multicasting offers a solution by serving a single stream. This is then routed to all the clients. So the network routers are doing the distribution rather than the streaming servers. The drawback with multicasting is that you need to have control over the routers. First they have to be multicast enabled, which is not necessarily the case. There are different algorithms for setting up multicast routes: dense and sparse. If you are streaming over a corporate network within a single domain, multicasting has much to offer. It is when you want to multicast to the public Internet that problems can arise. The network of peer-to-peer connections that link a server to a client may not be multicast enabled, or the routers may not be set up to multicast across domains. If you are multicasting you cannot use automatic rate changing. The server transmits a single stream and is not aware of the clients, so it cannot negotiate to serve at a certain rate. To get around this you may have to transmit three or four different rate streams from different server ports. The player connects to an appropriate port for the bandwidth available at their local end. Multicast network If you are setting up a multicast to several sites, and want to use Virtual Private Networks (VPN) for the intermediate connections across the corporate WAN, note that IPSec does not support multicasting. The way around this is to unicast to a splitter server at the remote site, then multicast locally. You will need to make sure that clients can see only one multicast server. Since the same IP address is used for the multicast, the client potentially could receive several duplicate packets. The player will not decode the stream correctly in these circumstances. Announcing a multicast is different from retrieving on-demand content. With on-demand, the browser requests the media file. When the file is retrieved, the header carries information necessary for the player configuration. Once you join a multicast, there is no header. Instead, a small message file gives the browser/ player the necessary information (like the port number to use). This message can use Session Description Protocol (SDP RFC.2327); Microsoft uses the media station NSC file. The media station is analogous to a television station, so the station represents the channel and not the media streamed (programs transmitted) over the channel. The NSC configuration file will set up the player correctly to receive a multicast. The ASX file that announces a multicast points the player to the NSC file. Stream serving 221

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