Subscriptions, long popular with print media, are another
Subscriptions, long popular with print media, are another method of collecting payments. They are more suited to a service rather than pay-per-view. Subscriptions usually are prepaid. An alternative for business-to-business transactions would be to bill in retrospect. Account payments can support a fixed rate service or pay-per-view. For the business selling content to the consumer, the prepaid purse or micropayments are the alternative. With the purse, the customer buys credit from the clearinghouse. This credit is stored securely in the DRM client. The value is decremented as content is viewed. Micro-payments are aggregated by the clearinghouse into larger transactions, perhaps made at monthly intervals. Business rules The business model will dictate a set of business rules. The DRM client uses the rules to gain access to the content. The terms and conditions can change with time so the license issuer must be able to change the rules or revoke a license. This may be necessary for legal or business reasons, or the content may become outdated or inappropriate. A good DRM system should allow the revocation of content even after it has been downloaded. Wrapping This is the process of securing the content and associating with the content the business rules to enable unwrapping by the media player. The processes are not necessarily concurrent. Encrypting may be performed while the media is encoded, and the business rules added later. There are two different points where content files can be encrypted. The first is before media is placed on the content server. The second is to encrypt onthe- fly, as the content is streamed to the media player. The latter is the model that conditional access systems have used for pay-per-view television. Pre-encryption and on-the-fly Pre-encryption systems usually package the clip file as a whole, rather than packet by packet. For live use this is not an option; for webcasts the encryption has to be on-the-fly. To meet this need, a different form of encryption has been developed, where the processing takes place at the point of delivery. This on-the-fly encryption has a second advantage that a new key is generated for each stream. Pre-encryption generates a single key for the file at the time of wrapping. So if the key is compromised, all copies of the file can be opened. On-the-fly encryption can be an additional application running on the streaming server, but this will lower the number of streams a given server can deliver, 268 The Technology of Video and Audio Streaming
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