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310 About the Authors Copyright 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. Department of Computer and Information Science. She is the member of IEEE, ACM, and SIG Multimedia. Adam Tilinger is a PhD student at the University of Veszpr m, Department of Image Processing and Neurocomputing. His research area is virtual reality in rehabilitation and virtual reality ergonomics. Greger Wikstrand is a PhD student at Ume University from which he obtained the Licenciate of Engineering degree in 2003. He was born in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1972. He obtained the Master of Science in engineering physics degree from Uppsala University in 1998. He was a doctoral student at the University of Link ping during 1998 and 1999. In 2000, he was with Procter & Gamble in Stockholm, Sweden. During 2001-2002, he worked as a research project manager at Ericsson AB where, among other things, he was responsible for the development of Testplats Botnia a platform for testing mobile services and applications. He is a student member of the ACM and the IEEE. Stefan Winkler received an MSc in electrical engineering from the University of Technology in Vienna, Austria, in 1996, and a PhD in electrical engineering from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne in 2000 for research on video quality measurement. He also spent one year at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a Fulbright student. Dr. Winkler has worked as a post-doctoral fellow at EPFL and as an assistant professor at the University of Lausanne. In 2001, he co-founded Genimedia (now Genista Corporation), a company developing perceptual quality metrics for multimedia applications, where he is currently chief scientist. He has published more than 30 papers on vision modeling and quality assessment and is the author of a book on digital video quality.

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About the Authors 309 Copyright 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. Engineering group) from 1991 to 1994, where he worked with semiotic aspects of graphics and multimedia communication. In 1998-2003, he worked within the field of maritime human factors for the former Danish Maritime Institute (now a part of Force Technology) and within the field of human-machine interaction in the former Centre for Human- Machine Interaction. Main parts of his research deal with semiotic and conceptual foundations of human-machine interaction. In 1994-98 and again from 2003-present, he has also been working with problems of conceptual understanding in engineering education and with instructional design. He is presently employed by the Technical University of Denmark, where he works as an educational consultant at the LearningLab DTU. He is also designing and teaching a course on human-machine interaction in safetycritical domains, together with colleagues from rsted-DTU. Constantinos Mourlas is an assistant professor in the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Greece), Department of Communication and Media Studies since 2002. He was born in Athens (Greece) in 1966. He graduated from the University of Crete in 1988 with a diploma in computer science and obtained his PhD from the Department of Informatics, University of Athens in 1995. In 1998, he was an ERCIM fellow for postdoctoral studies through research. He was employed as lecturer at the University of Cyprus, Department of Computer Science, from 1999-2002. His initial research work has been focused on distributed multimedia systems, quality of service issues, streaming media, and the Internet. His current main research interest is the development of environments that provide adaptive and personalized context to the Internet users according to their needs, preferences, and cognitive characteristics. He currently coordinates a national funded research project on Web personalization. Liam Murphy is a senior lecturer in computer science at University College Dublin, where he is director of the Performance Engineering Laboratory. His current research projects involve mobile and wireless systems, computer network convergence issues, and Web services performance issues. Dr. Murphy has a BE in electrical engineering from University College Dublin, and an MSc and a PhD in electrical engineering and computer sciences from the University of California, Berkeley. Cecilia Sik-L nyi is an associate professor at the University of Veszpr m, Department of Image Processing and Neurocomputing. She received an MSc in mathematics and computer science at the J zsef Attila University, Szeged. She obtained She obtained a doctoral degree in physical chemistry and a PhD in computer science. She reads and leads laboratory studies on multimedia and virtual reality. Her research area is in multimedia and virtual reality in education and rehabilitation. Klara Nahrstedt is a full professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Computer Science Department. Dr. Nahrstedt received her BA in mathematics from Humboldt University, Berlin, in 1984, and MSc degree in numerical analysis from the same university in 1985. She was a research scientist in the Institute for Informatik in Berlin until 1990. In 1995, she received her PhD from the University of Pennsylvania in the

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308 About the Authors Copyright 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. Stephen R. Gulliver is a lecturer in the School of Information Systems, Computing, and Mathematics at Brunel University, West London. He received a BEng (Honors) degree in micro-electronics, an MSc degree (distributed information systems), and a PhD in 1999, 2001, and 2004, respectively. His research interests cover human factors and include the perceptual, usability, accessibility, and information acquisition aspects of computer and multimedia systems. Current studies incorporate eye-tracking, 3D model realization, attention analysis, display adaptation, and C4I systems (with particular focus on situational awareness). His personal interests include: classic VW beetles, films, reading, drumming, wine, and gardening. Kate Hone is a senior lecturer at Brunel University, School of Information Systems, Computing, and Mathematics, where she is a member of the VIVID Centre. After studying psychology, work design, ergonomics, and interactive dialogue systems at Birmingham University, she went on to lecture on human factors at the University of Nottingham. Her research centers on the human aspects of computing. She is interested in the design of usable interfaces for computer systems, particularly those using recognition technology. She has done most of her research on the design and use of systems using speech recognition technology and also on teleworking. She also heads a project investigating the human factors issues of affective or emotional computing. Curtis S. Ikehara is an assistant researcher in the Information and Computer Sciences Department of the University of Hawaii, Manoa. Currently, he is working on several projects related to user modeling in an emergency environment. The recent DARPA project (2002-2003) focused on using physiological sensors with respect to applications in augmented cognition and the identification of cognitive processes. Dr. Ikehara and Dr. Crosby have developed a novel sensor that measures the hand and finger pressures applied to a computer mouse, and have applied for a patent for its use as a biometric device. Slava Kalyuga holds a PhD in cognition and instruction from the University of New South Wales (1998). He specializes in evidence-based instructional design principles for multimedia learning, diagnostic assessment of organized knowledge structures in complex domains, and adaptive e-learning applications. His research papers on cognitive load effects relative to levels of learner expertise (the expertise reversal effect), the redundancy effect in multimedia learning, and rapid diagnostic assessment techniques were published by leading international journals in the field. He contributed to the Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning. His current research interests are in optimizing cognitive load in adaptive learning environments using embedded dynamic monitoring of levels of learner performance. Michael May has a background in psychology and cultural sociology from the University of Copenhagen (1985), and a PhD from 1994 on the relation of the logic and semiotics of C.S. Peirce to modern cognitive semantics. Dr. May has been employed by RISOE National Lab at the Department for Systems Analysis (in the Cognitive Systems

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About the Authors 307 Copyright 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. conferences such as MMM 2006 and ACM Multimedia 2006. He serves as an associate editor for IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering and ACM Multimedia Systems Journal. Professor Chang is a recipient of the IBM Faculty Partnership Award and the NSF Career Award. He is a co-founder of VIMA Technologies, which provides image searching and filtering solutions. Nicola Cranley is a post-doctoral research fellow at the Dublin Institute of Technology. Her research interests include video streaming, video adaptation, and wireless networks. She has a BSc in applied physics with French from Dublin City University, an MSc in computing for commerce and industry from the Open University, and a PhD in computer science from University College, Dublin. Martha E. Crosby is a professor and chair in the Department of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of Hawaii. She conducts research in the human use of computing systems, individual differences of users, and the evaluation of innovative educational environments. She has conducted several empirical studies of reading comprehension and problem solving and is interested in developing user models and in the evaluation of human use of computer interfaces for educational applications. The long-range goal of her research is to gain insights and knowledge that will be useful in the design of human-computer interfaces in educational software systems. Panagiotis Germanakos is a PhD candidate of the Faculty of Communication and Media Studies of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens with research interests in Web adaptation and personalization environments and systems based on user profiling encompassing, among others, visual attention and cognitive psychology (mental and emotional) processes, implemented on desktop and mobile/wireless platforms. He obtained a master s degree in international marketing management, a bachelor s degree in computer science and an HND Diploma of Technician Engineer in the field of computer studies. He is also a research associate of the Department of Computer Science of the University of Cyprus, collaborating on nationally- and internationally-funded projects in the areas of e-government and e-health. Additionally, he has over four years of experience in the provision of consultancy of large-scaled IT solutions and implementations in the business sector. Kostas Giannakis is an IT researcher at the Foundation of the Hellenic World (Athens, Greece). He received a PhD in computing science from Middlesex University (London, UK) and also holds an MSc in cognitive science and intelligent computing from the University of Westminster (London, UK). His research interests include, but are not limited to, novel user interfaces, interaction design for the disabled, information visualization, computer music, and multimedia. At present, he is actively involved in various projects incorporating state-of-the-art computing for the promotion and dissemination of cultural and historical content. More information is available at http:// www.mixedupsenses.com.

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306 About the Authors Copyright 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. Lesley Axelrod, MSc, studied human communication and worked as a registered speech and language therapist before turning to research. She worked on human communicationrelated projects as a senior research fellow at University College, London, and at Surrey University. She studied human-computer interaction with ergonomics at University College, London, and her research interests now center on how people communicate with technology, and the design of usable user-centered systems. She is currently a PhD student at Brunel University, School of Information Systems, Computing, and Mathematics, where she is a member of the VIVID Centre, working on a project to investigate how giving computers the ability to recognize human emotions might improve the quality of human-computer interaction. Linda D. Bussell is the director of research and development for Kinder Magic Software and a consultant to industry. She received her EdD degree in educational technology from San Diego State University and the University of San Diego. Previously, she earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in painting from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and a Master s degree in educational technology from San Diego State University. She has been designing and developing educational multimedia materials and games for children and adults since 1992, covering content ranging from science and mathematics to language arts and workplace skills for home and school markets, corporate clients, and funding agencies. Her research interests lie in the design of effective interactive environments for teaching and learning. Andrea Cavallaro received his MSc (Summa cum Laude) from the University of Trieste, Italy, in 1996, and a PhD from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland, in 2002, both in electrical engineering. Since 2003, he has been a lecturer at Queen Mary, University of London. His research interests include multimedia signal processing, perceptual semantics, and interactive media computing. Dr. Cavallaro was awarded a research fellowship with British Telecommunications (BT) and a Drapers Prize for the development of learning and teaching in 2004. He is a member of the program committee of various IEEE and ACM conferences, and he is the author of more than 40 papers, including four book chapters. Edward Y. Chang received his MS in computer science and PhD in electrical engineering at Stanford University in 1994 and 1999, respectively. Since 2003, he is an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His recent research activities are in the areas of machine learning, data mining, high-dimensional data indexing, and their applications to image databases and video surveillance. Recent research contributions of his group include methods for learning image/video query concepts via active learning with kernel methods, formulating distance functions via dynamic associations and kernel alignment, managing and fusing distributed video-sensor data, and categorizing and indexing high-dimensional image/ video information. Professor Chang has served on several ACM, IEEE, and SIAM conference program committees. He co-founded the annual ACM Video Sensor Network Workshop and has co-chaired it since 2003. He will be co-chairing major multimedia

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About the Authors 305 Copyright 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. About the Authors Gheorghita Ghinea is a senior lecturer in the School of Information Systems, Computing, and Mathematics at Brunel University. He holds a BSc (Honors) in computer science and mathematics, an MSc in computer science (with Distinction, 1996), and a PhD in computer science (2000). He has published more than 60 research papers in leading international journals and peer-reviewed conferences, and has consulted for both public and private organizations in his areas of research interest, which are: distributed multimedia (especially perceptual aspects), Web-based systems, ubiquitous computing, and telemedicine. Dr. Ghinea is a member of the IEEE and the British Computer Society. Sherry Y. Chen is a senior lecturer in the School of Information Systems, Computing, and Mathematics at Brunel University. She obtained her PhD from the University of Sheffield in 2000. Her current research interests include human-computer interaction, data mining, digital libraries, and educational technology. She has published widely in these areas. Dr. Chen was the co-editor of the books, Adaptive and Adaptable Hypermedia Systems and Advances in Web-based Education: Personalized Learning Environments. She is a member of the editorial boards of five computing journals. She has been invited to give several talks, including the 9th International Conference on User Modelling and the EPSRC Network of Women in Computer Science colloquium. ***

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304 Germanakos & Mourlas Copyright 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. Rossi, G., Schwade, D., & Guimaraes, M. R. (2001). Designing personalized Web applications. ACM Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on World Wide Web (pp. 275-284). Top of the Web (2003). Survey on quality and usage of public e-services. Top of the Web. Retrieved from http://www.idt.unisg.ch/org/idt/ceegov.nsf/0/1ae4025175a16a90 c1256df6002a0fef/$FILE/Final_report_2003_quality_and_ usage.pdf Volokh, E. (2000). Personalization and privacy. The Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 43(8), 84. Wang, J., & Lin, J. (2002). Are personalization systems really personal? Effects of conformity in reducing information overload. Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS 03). 0-7695-1874-5/03. Yuliang, L., & Dean, G. (1999). Cognitive styles and distance education. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 2(3), Article 005.

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Adaptation and Personalization of Web-Based Multimedia Content 303 Copyright 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. Cingil, I., Dogac, A., & Azgin, A. (2000). A broader approach to personalization. Communications of the ACM, 43(8), 136-141. De Bra, P., Aroyo, L., & Chepegin, V. (2004). The next big thing: Adaptive Web-based systems. Journal of Digital Information, 5(1), Article no. 247. De Bra, P., Brusilovsky, P., & Houben, G. (1999). Adaptive hypermedia: From systems to framework. ACM Computing Surveys, 31(4es), 12. De Bra, P., & Nejdl, W. (2004). Adaptive hypermedia and adaptive Web-based systems. Proceedings of the Third International Conference (AH 2004), Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3137. Eklund, J., & Sinclair, K. (2000). An empirical appraisal of the effectiveness of adaptive interfaces of instructional systems. Educational Technology and Society, 3(4), 165-177. Europe s Information Society. (2004). User interaction. Retrieved from http:// europa.eu.int/information_society/activities/egovernment_research/focus/ user_interaction/index_en.htm Germanakos, P., Samaras, G., & Christodoulou, E. (200510-12). Multi-channel delivery of services the road from e-government to m-government: Further technological challenges and implications. Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Mobile Government (Euro mGov 2005), Brighton (pp. 210-220). Interchange of Data between Administrations. (2004). Multi-channel delivery of egovernment services. Retrieved from http://europa.eu.int/idabc/ Kim, W. (2002). Personalization: Definition, status, and challenges ahead. JOT, 1(1), 29- 40. Lankhorst, M. M., Kranenburg, Salden, A., & Peddemors A. J. H. (2002). Enabling technology for personalizing mobile services. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-35 02): Vol. 3(3) (p. 87). Mobasher, B., Dai, H., Luo, T., Nakagawa, M., & Wiltshire, J. (2002). Discovery of aggregate usage profiles for Web personalization. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 6(1), 61- 82. Mulvenna, M. D., Anand, S. S., & Buchner, A. G. (2000). Personalization on the net using Web mining. Communications of the ACM, 43(8), 123-125. Panayiotou, C., & Samaras, G. (2004). mPersona: Personalized portals for the wireless user: An agent approach. Journal of ACM/ Baltzer Mobile Networking and Applications (MONET), Special Issue on Mobile and Pervasive Commerce, 9(6), 663-677. Papanikolaou, K.A., Grigoriadou, M., Kornilakis, H., & Magoulas, G.D. (2002). INSPIRE: An intelligent system for personalized instruction in a remote environment. In S. Reich, M. M. Tzagarakis, & P. M. E. De Bra (Eds.), OHS/SC/AH 2001, LNCS 2266 (pp. 215-225). Springer-Verlag. Pazzani, J. M. (1999). A framework for collaborative, content-based, and demographic filtering. Artificial Intelligence Review, 13(5-6), 393-408.

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302 Germanakos & Mourlas Copyright 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. processing parameters) should be in combination investigated and analyzed in a further attempt to complete the desktop and mobile users preferences. This chapter made an extensive reference to the mobility emergence and the extensive use of the new channels that tend to satisfy the new user requirements (desktop and mobile) for anytime, anyhow, and anywhere multimedia-based services and Webbased multimedia content provision in general. The problem of personalization as well as challenges created has been investigated supporting the view of why the provision of adapted content, based on a comprehensive user profile, is considered critical nowadays. Moreover, an Adaptation (Adaptive Hypermedia) and Personalization (Web Personalization) categories and paradigms review has been presented identifying common grounds and objectives of these two areas. Eventually, a three-layer architecture for the adaptation and personalization of Web-based multimedia content was reviewed, making use of the aforementioned adaptation and personalization concepts and technologies, the new user profiling (that incorporates the user perceptual preference characteristics), as well as the semantic multimedia content.. The basic objective of this chapter was to introduce a combination of concepts coming from different research areas, all of which focus upon the user. It has been attempted to approach the theoretical considerations and technological parameters that can provide the most comprehensive user profiling, supporting the provision of the most apt and optimized adapted and personalized multimedia result. References Adomavicious, G., & Tuzhilin, A. (1999). User profiling in personalization applications through rule discovery and validation. Proceedings of the ACM Fifth International Conference on Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (KDD 99) (pp. 377- 381). Ayersman, D. J., & Reed, W. M. (1998). Relationships among hypermedia-based mental models and hypermedia knowledge. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 30(3), 222-238. Brusilovsky, P. (1996). Adaptive hypermedia: An attempt to analyze and generalize. In P. Brusilovsky, P. Kommers, & Streitz (Eds.), Multimedia, hypermedia, and virtual reality (pp. 288-304). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Brusilovsky, P. (1996). Methods and techniques of adaptive hypermedia. User Modeling and User Adapted Interaction, 6(2-3), 87-129. Brusilovsky, P. (2001). Adaptive hypermedia. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 11, 87-110. Brusilovsky, P., & Maybury, M. T. (2002). From adaptive hypermedia to the adaptive Web. In P. Brusilovsky & M. T. Maybury (Eds.), Communications of the ACM, 45(5), Special Issue on the Adaptive Web, 31-33. CAP Gemini Ernst & Young. (2004). Online availability of public services: How is Europe progressing? European Commission DG Information Society.

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Adaptation and Personalization of Web-Based Multimedia Content 301 Copyright 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. Regulation of emotions: It is the control and regulation of personal and other people s emotions for the emotional and intellectual development; it is the human s ability to realize what is hidden behind an emotion, like fear, anxiety, anger, or sadness, and to find each time the most suitable ways to confront them. Self control: It includes processes referring to the control of attention,the provision of intellectual resources, and the selection of the specialized procedures and skills liable for the evaluation of a problem s results or a decision s uptake; it is a superior control system thatcoordinates the functioning of other, more specialized control systems. These parameters must be filtered even more so that the final optimized model is achieved. Once this is established, a series of tests (some in the form of questionnaires and others with real-time interaction metrics) will be constructed which will attempt to reveal users perceptual preference characteristics. These features, along with the Traditional User Characteristics, could complete the New User Profile, and therefore adaptation and personalization schemes could be adjusted to deliver even more personalized Webbased content accordingly. The next step is to identify what is the correlation between the various users and/or user groups (i.e., to investigate similarities and differences between them) and if it would be feasible to refer to the term users segmentation (i.e., users sharing similar new user profiling characteristics). In case the latter is true, personalization mechanisms will be based upon these parameters and considering users device/channel characteristics, and the semantic content will provide them with the corresponding adapted result. Eventually, this methodology will be implemented with personalization algorithms and paradigms so to automatically gather all the related information and construct the new user profiling, giving the users the adapted and personalized result without their actual intervention. Summary and Future Trends When referring to adapted multimedia-based services or Web-based multimedia content provision, it is implied that the content adaptation and personalization is based not only on the traditional user characteristics, but on a concrete and comprehensive user profiling that covers all the dimensions and parameters of the users preferences. However, knowing the user traditional characteristics and channel/device capabilities, providers can design and offer an apt personalized result. Most of the times, though the providers tend to design multimedia applications based on their own preferences and what they think should be offered. However, the concept of adaptation and personalization is much more complicated than that. This is the reason why until today there is not any sustainable related definition of personalization. A profile can be considered complete when it incorporates the users perceptual preference characteristics that mostly deal with intrinsic parameters and are very difficult to be technologically measured. Visual attention (that can be thought of as the gateway to conscious perception and memory) and cognitive psychology processes (cognitive and emotional

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