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VBR Variable bit rate VC-9 Video Codec 9

webmaster — Tue, 23 Oct 2007 02:22:03 +0000

VBR Variable bit rate VC-9 Video Codec 9 VLC variable-length coding VOD video-on-demand VOP Video Object Plane VPN Virtual Private Network VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal WAN wide area network XrML Extensible rights markup language

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MSBD Media Streaming Broadcast Distribution NFS Network File

webmaster — Mon, 22 Oct 2007 15:33:19 +0000

MSBD Media Streaming Broadcast Distribution NFS Network File System (UNIX) NIC network interface card NTFS NT File Systems (Microsoft Windows) NTSC National Television Standards Committee (USA) PAL Phase-Alternation Line PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCM Pulse Code Modulation PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDF Portable Document Format (Adobe) PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PNA Progressive Networks Audio PNG Portable Network Graphics POP Point-of-Presence PQMF Pseudo-Quadrature Mirror Filter (MPEG-1 audio) OD Object Descriptor QCIF Quarter Common Intermediate Format QoS Quality of Service RFC Request for Comment (IETF) RTCP Real-Time Control Protocol RTTP Real-Time Transport Protocol RTSP Real-Time Streaming Protocol SCSI Small Computer Serial Interface SD standard-definition (television) SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDI Serial Digital Interface SDK Software Development Kit SDMI Secure Digital Music Initiative SDP Session Description Protocol SECAM S quentiel Couleur avec M moire SIF Source or Standard Input Format SLA Service Level Agreement SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers SONET Synchronous Optical Network (SDH) S/PDIF Sony/Philips Digital Interface SVG Scalable Vector Graphics TCP Transmission Control Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol UID Unique Identifier URL uniform resource locator USB Universal Serial Bus Abbreviations 333

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DCT Discrete Cosine Transform DMA Direct Memory Access

webmaster — Mon, 22 Oct 2007 04:33:30 +0000

DCT Discrete Cosine Transform DMA Direct Memory Access DAT Digital Audio Tape DES Data Encryption Standard (algorithm) DMIF Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework DRM Digital Rights Management DS DMIF signaling DSL digital subscriber line DTP desktop publishing DV Digital Video DVB Digital Video Broadcasting DVMRP Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (used by MBone) EDL Edit Decision List ETSI Europe Telecommunications Standards Institute FTTC Fiber to the Curb GIF Graphic Interchange Format GMPLS Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile Communications HD high-definition (television) HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol HVXC Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IGMP Internet Group-Membership Protocol IP Internet Protocol, Intellectual Property IPMP Intellectual Property Management and Protection ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network ISMA Internet Streaming Media Alliance ISO International Standards Organization JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group LAN local area network LPC Linear Predictive Coding MBone Multicast Backbone MDCT Modified discrete cosine transform MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension MMS Microsoft Media Server MOSPF Multicast Open Shortest Path First protocol MP3 MPEG-1, layer 3, audio codec MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching 332 Abbreviations

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Abbreviations 3G Third Generation 3GPP Third Generation Partnership

webmaster — Sun, 21 Oct 2007 16:15:26 +0000

Abbreviations 3G Third Generation 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project AAC Advanced Audio Coding AAL ATM Adaptation Layer ACE Advanced Coding Efficiency (Profile) ACELP Algebraic Code-Excited Linear Prediction ADC analog-to-digital converter ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AES Audio Engineering Society AIFF Audio Interchange File Format AMR Adaptive Multirate API Application Programming Interface ASF Advanced System Format (Microsoft) ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee AVC Advanced Video Codec (H.264, MPEG-4 Pt. 10) AVI Audio-Video Interleaved BIFS Binary Format for Scenes CBR Constant bit rate CCD Charge-coupled Device CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDN Content Delivery Network CELP Code-Excited Linear Prediction CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing CIE Commission Internationale d Eclairage CIF Common Intermediate Format CPU central processing unit CRT cathode ray tube DAI DMIF-Application Interface DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

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NTSC The U.S. analog color television standard. The

webmaster — Sun, 21 Oct 2007 04:25:09 +0000

NTSC The U.S. analog color television standard. The National Television Standards Committee devised a system that was backward-compatible with the RS-170 monochrome system. It has a field rate of 60 Hz and 525 lines. It has since been supplanted by the ATSC standards for high-definition digital television. PAL Phase Alternating Line, the color television standard used in most of Europe (France used SECAM). It has a field rate of 50 Hz and 625 lines. Plug-in A small software application that plugs into a web browser and renders file formats that are not supported by the browser. These include Flash vector graphics and streaming audio and video decompressors. Progressive scan A television frame is scanned top-to-bottom on one pass. QCIF Quarter-size CIF image format: 176 144 pixels for luminance and 88 72 pixels for chrominance. Rich Media A combination of audio, video, graphics, and text, in a synchronized and possibly interactive presentation. SIF The standard image format of MPEG-1 encoding: 352 240 pixels, 30 fps for NTSC; 352 288 pixels, 25 fps for PAL. Telecine A device used to transfer movie film to a television format where it can be stored on videotape. To match the film rate of 24 frames per second to television at 30 frames per second every fourth field is repeated, called the 3:2 sequence. Unicast A one-to-one stream from a media server to a client player. VC-9 The SMPTE standard for the video compression codec based on Windows Media 9 technology. Glossary 329

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DSL Digital subscriber line. A broadband connection that

webmaster — Sat, 20 Oct 2007 17:29:48 +0000

DSL Digital subscriber line. A broadband connection that can carry voice or data traffic. The asymmetric DSL (ADSL) uses a legacy copper pair to provide high-speed downloads to the client alongside the analog telephone service. Encoding The compression and packetization of video and audio to a streaming format. Frame 1. A single television picture, the result of a scanned raster. An interlaced frame comprises two fields. 2. A packet of data used in telecomms circuits. H.261 ITU video-conferencing standard. H.263 Development of H.261 for low bit-rate applications like video phones. Huffman coding A variable-length coding scheme where the most-used characters have a shorter code than the lesser-used characters. Indexing The generation of a content catalog index by the extraction of metadata from the content. Interlace scan The odd then even lines of a television frame are scanned alternately. Intranet A private network for sharing similar content formats to that available over the public Internet, but for corporate use only. JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group. A compression standard for continuous-tone still images. JPEG2000 A compression standard for continuous-tone still images using wavelet compression. MDCT Modified Discrete cosine transform. A perfect reconstruction cosine modulated filter bank. It has the property of time-domain aliasing cancellation. Metadata Attributes of data, or data about data. MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group. A working group of the ISO/IEC that develop standards for digital video and audio coding. MPEG-1 Audio and video compression for CD-ROMs. MPEG-2 Television and DVD compression standard. MPEG-4 Rich media object coding standard for fixed and mobile use. MPEG-7 Metadata framework for multimedia. MPEG-21 Framework for integrating multimedia resources and to facilitate value exchange. MP3 The audio codec for MPEG-1, layer 3. Multicast A means of live webcasting to a large audience that requires a single stream to be transmitted by the server, rather than one per client. Each viewer connects to the multicast, so the network routers send copies of each datagram of the stream to all the clients participating in the multicast. Potentially can save network resources, but is not well supported on the WWW. Narrowband A dial-up connection to the Internet, typically using a 28K or 56K analog modem over a regular telephone line. 328 The Technology of Video and Audio Streaming

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Glossary 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project. A collaborative

webmaster — Sat, 20 Oct 2007 06:43:48 +0000

Glossary 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project. A collaborative agreement between telecomms standards bodies to produce specifications for 3G mobile systems based on GSM networks. 3GPP2 A parallel project to 3GPP set up to produce specifications for CDMA2000 networks. 4CIF Picture source format with 704 576 pixels for luminance and 352 288 pixels for chrominance. 16CIF Picture source format with 1408 1152 pixels for luminance and 704 576 pixels for chrominance. Agnostic A system that can handle different streaming architectures. Asynchronous Two devices, typically a transmitter and receiver of data, that are not synchronized. The receiver uses a buffer to store incoming data, and processes at its own rate. Usually feedback to the transmitter will indicate buffer overflow. Broadband There is no rigorous definition, but this is usually taken to mean connections that can carry data at rates higher than 100 Kbit/s. Browser A client-side application used to view HTML files, usually from the Web, but can be served over a LAN from a local server. Typical examples are Microsoft Explorer and Netscape Navigator. The streaming player usually is used as a plug-in to the browser. CIF The common intermediate format of the H.261 video conferencing standard: 352 288 pixels for luminance and 176 144 pixels for chrominance. Caching The temporary storage of often-used content in a proxy or edge server. Capture The conversion of content from regular audio and video to a computer format. Codec A compression and decompressor algorithm. The encoder will use the codec to compress the media file, which is decompressed by the media player. DCT Discrete cosine transform; the basis of the spatial compression used by the MPEG standards.

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transfer rate than the last mile and the

webmaster — Fri, 19 Oct 2007 19:31:14 +0000

transfer rate than the last mile and the players are low cost, so perhaps streamed movies are not a good application for webcasting. Many corporate applications of streaming replace the face-to-face presentation, saving on traveling costs and time. Other applications offer entertainment and information to the public. And finally Webcasting has finally broken the bounds of the PC. Content can be streamed to many different types of appliances, from mobile phones to television set-top boxes. The monetization of webcasting has proved more difficult than many people thought. There are many reasons for this, but the facts must be faced much content has been of poor technical quality with indifferent production values. Consumers are happy to pay for good quality look at the sales of CDs, DVDs, and games. As the quality issues of distribution are resolved and digital rights management becomes widely used, there are many indications that content will be sold very successfully. The killer apps will have to exploit the strengths of the medium: the immediacy, the interactivity, the ability to personalize content, the rich media, and, through the Internet, the global reach. 326 The Technology of Video and Audio Streaming

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Applications for streaming media 325 Print Telephone Cell

webmaster — Fri, 19 Oct 2007 07:23:50 +0000

Applications for streaming media 325 Print Telephone Cell phone Graphics the Web TV receiver Television Radio Film Multimedia Rich media iTV terrestrial cable satellite New media PC streaming IP cell phone [3G] wireless PDA console games Figure 16.9 The road from print to rich media.

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QuickTime dominated multimedia production. RealNetworks pioneered the introduction

webmaster — Thu, 18 Oct 2007 21:05:53 +0000

QuickTime dominated multimedia production. RealNetworks pioneered the introduction of streaming to the Internet community. Now Windows Media have joined the fray with the integration into the operating system. MPEG-4 promises to open up streaming beyond the environment of the PC. Breaking away from the bounds of the rectangular video picture offers new possibilities for immersive and interactive experiences. The player could be a cellular phone, a PDA, a games console, or a high-definition television receiver. There is no doubt that the first streaming pictures were less than satisfying, but AM radio in the 1920s and television in the monochrome days both provided a great source of entertainment. The advances in delivery technologies, including broadband and CDNs, are offering both the consumer and the corporate user a whole new way to communicate. It is a very flexible medium, offering everything from live webcasts, distance learning, and the whole gamut of corporate communications. It is important that suitable content is selected for the medium. Take the movie industry. The realistic limit for the last mile is going to be 1 Mbit/s for the next decade. Will an on-demand movie streamed at that rate compete with the consumers expectations of DVD quality? This quality gap will stretch further when the high-definition DVD becomes available. The DVD supports a higher data 324 The Technology of Video and Audio Streaming Figure 16.8 Interactive Content Factory NetEdit desktop editor from TWIinteractive Ltd.

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